When the Elder Eats Like an Animal

When the Elder Eats Like an Animal

Culinary traditions of the Inuit

Historically Inuit cuisine, which is taken here to include Greenlandic cuisine, Yup'ik cuisine and Aleut cuisine, consisted of a diet of animate being source foods that were fished, hunted, and gathered locally. In the 20th century the Inuit diet began to change and by the 21st century the diet was closer to a Western diet. Later hunting, they ofttimes laurels the animals' spirit past singing songs and performing rituals. Although traditional or state foods still play an important role in the identity of Inuit, much food is purchased from the store, which has led to health problems and food insecurity. ^{[ane] [2]}

According to Edmund Searles in his commodity "Food and the Making of Modern Inuit Identities", they consume this blazon of nutrition because a more often than not meat diet is "constructive in keeping the body warm, making the body potent, keeping the body fit, and fifty-fifty making that torso healthy". ^[3]

Food sources [ edit ]

• Hunted meats:
  • Body of water mammals such as walrus, seal, and whale. Whale meat by and large comes from the narwhal, beluga whale and the bowhead whale. The latter is able to feed an unabridged customs for virtually a twelvemonth from its meat, blubber, and skin. Inuit hunters most often hunt juvenile whales which, compared to adults, are safer to hunt and have tastier skin. Ringed seal and bearded seal are the nearly important aspect of an Inuit diet and is often the largest part of an Inuit hunter's diet. ^[iii]
  • Land mammals such equally caribou, polar acquit, and muskox
  • Birds and their eggs
  • Saltwater and freshwater fish including sculpin, Arctic cod, Arctic char, capelin and lake trout.
• While it is not possible to cultivate native plants for food in the Arctic, Inuit take traditionally gathered those that are naturally available, ^{[3] [4] [5] [6] [seven] [8] [9]} including:
  • Berries including crowberry and cloudberry
  • Herbaceous plants such as grasses and fireweed
  • Tubers and stems including mousefood, roots of diverse tundra plants which are buried past voles in burrows.
  • Roots such as tuberous jump beauty and sweet vetch
  • Seaweed

Hunting practices [ edit ]

There has been a reject of hunting partially due to the fact that about young people lack the skills to survive off the land. They are no longer skilled in hunting like their ancestors and are growing more accepted to the Qallunaat ("white people") nutrient that they receive from the south. The high costs of hunting equipment—snowmobiles, rifles, sleds, camping gear, gasoline, and oil—is too causing a pass up in families who hunt for their meals. ^[10]

• Seal: Depending on the season, Inuit hunt for unlike types of seal: harp seal, harbour seal, and bearded seal. Ringed seals are hunted all yr, while harp seals are only bachelor during the summer. ^[9] Because seals demand to break through the ice to reach air, they form breathing holes with their teeth and claws. Through these, Inuit hunters are able to capture seals. ^[ix] When a hunter arrives at these holes, they set a seal indicator that alerts the hunter when a seal is coming up for a jiff of air. When the seal comes up, the hunter notices movement in the indicator and uses his harpoon to capture the seal in the water. ^[ix]

• Walrus: They are often hunted during the winter and spring since hunting them in summer is much more dangerous. A walrus is besides big to be controlled by 1 man, so information technology cannot exist hunted lonely. ^[nine] In Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut, an Inuit elder describes the hunt of a walrus in these words: "When a walrus was sighted, the two hunters would run to get close to it and at a brusque altitude information technology is necessary to terminate when the walrus's head was submerged... the walrus would hear you arroyo. [They] then tried to go in front of the walrus and it was harpooned while its head was submerged. In the meantime, the other person would bulldoze the harpoon into the ice through the harpoon loop to secure it." ^[9]
• Bowhead whale: Like to walrus, they are captured by harpoon. The hunters utilise active pursuit to harpoon the whale and follow information technology during attack. At times, Inuit were known for using a more passive approach when hunting whales. According to John Bennett and Susan Rowley, a hunter would harpoon the whale and instead of pursuing it, would "wait patiently for the winds, currents, and spirits to aid him in bringing the whale to shore." ^[nine]

Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus), caught in an Inuit subsistence whale hunt in Igloolik, Nunavut in 2002

• Caribou: During the majority of the yr, they roam the tundra in small herds, but twice a twelvemonth large herds of caribou cross the inland regions. Caribou accept fantabulous senses of smell and hearing and so that the hunters must be very careful when in pursuit. Often, Inuit hunters set camp miles away from the caribou crossing and wait until they are in full view to assail. ^[9] In that location are many ways in which the caribou can exist captured, including spearing, forcing caribou into the river, using blinders, scaring the caribou, and stalking the caribou. When spearing caribou, hunters put the string of the spear in their mouths and the other end they use to gently spear the animal. ^[9]
• Fish: They are defenseless by jigging. The hunter cuts a foursquare hole in the water ice on the lake and fishes using a fish lure and spear. Instead of using a hook on a line, Inuit utilise a fake fish fastened to the line. They lower it into the water and motion it around as if it is real. When the alive fish approach it, they spear the fish before information technology has a chance to eat the fake fish. ^[9]

Nutrition [ edit ]

Caribou meat from hunt. Greenland

Considering the climate of the Arctic is ill-suited for agriculture and lacks forageable plant matter for much of the year, the traditional Inuit nutrition is lower in carbohydrates and college in fatty and beast poly peptide compared to the global average. When carbohydrate intake is inadequate for total energy requirements, poly peptide is broken down in the liver through gluconeogenesis and utilized as an energy source. Inuit studied in the 1970s were found to have abnormally big livers, presumably to assist in this process. Their urine volumes were also high, a consequence of additional urea which the trunk uses to purge waste products from gluconeogenesis. ^[11] All the same, in multiple studies the traditional Inuit diet has not been shown to be a ketogenic nutrition. ^{[12] [13] [14] [15]} Not simply have multiple researchers been unable to detect any evidence of ketosis resulting from the traditional Inuit diet, but the ratios of fatty-acid to glucose were observed to be well beneath the mostly accepted level of ketogenesis. ^{[12] [thirteen] [14] [15]}

Inuit might consume more than carbohydrates than nearly nutritionists have assumed. ^[16] Because some of the meat the Inuit eat is raw and fresh, or freshly frozen, they can obtain more carbohydrates from their meat, as dietary glycogen, than Westerners can. ^{[16] [17]} The Inuit practice of preserving a whole seal or bird carcass under an intact whole skin with a thick layer of blubber too permits some proteins to ferment into carbohydrates. ^[16] Furthermore, the blubber, organs, muscle and pare of the marine mammals that Inuit eat have significant glycogen stores, which assist those animals when oxygen is depleted on prolonged dives. ^{[xviii] [19] [twenty]} For instance, when blubber is analyzed past direct carbohydrate measurements, information technology has been shown to incorporate as much as 8—30% carbohydrates. ^[xix] While postmortem glycogen levels are frequently depleted through the onset of rigor mortis, marine mammals have a much delayed onset of rigor mortis, even in warm conditions, presumably due to the high content of oxymyoglobin in the muscle that may let aerobic metabolism to continue slowly for some time after the death of the animal. ^{[nineteen] [21]} Additionally, in common cold conditions, glycogen's depletion is halted at -18 °C (-0.4 °F) and lower temperatures in comminuted meat. ^[23]

Traditional Inuit diets derive approximately fifty% of their calories from fatty, thirty–35% from protein and fifteen–twenty% of their calories from carbohydrates, largely in the class of glycogen from the raw meat they consumed. ^{[24] [25]} This high fat content provides valuable energy and prevents protein poisoning, which historically was sometimes a trouble in late wintertime when game animals grew lean through winter starvation. It has been suggested that because the fats of the Inuit's wild-caught game are largely monounsaturated and rich in omega-three fatty acids, the diet does not pose the same wellness risks equally a typical Western high-fat nutrition. ^[26] Nevertheless, actual evidence has shown that Inuit have a similar prevalence of coronary artery affliction every bit non-Inuit populations and they have excessive bloodshed due to cerebrovascular strokes, with twice the chance to that of the North American population. ^{[27] [28]} Indeed, the cardiovascular risk of this diet is so severe that the addition of a more standard American nutrition has reduced the incidence of mortality in the Inuit population. ^[29] Furthermore, fish oil supplement studies have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes. ^{[thirty] [31] [32]}

Vitamins and minerals which are typically derived from institute sources are all the same present in well-nigh Inuit diets. Vitamins A and D are present in the oils and livers of common cold-water fishes and mammals. Vitamin C is obtained through sources such as caribou liver, kelp, muktuk, and seal brain; because these foods are typically eaten raw or frozen, the vitamin C they incorporate, which would exist destroyed by cooking, is instead preserved. ^[33]

Eating habits and food preparation [ edit ]

Searles defines Inuit food as generally "eaten frozen, raw, or boiled, with very piffling mixture of ingredients and with very few spices added." ^[3] Some preparations include:

• Akutaq : berries mixed with fat.
• Bannock : flatbread
• Food preservation techniques include fermenting fish and meat in the grade of igunaq
• Labrador tea
• Suaasat : a traditional soup made from seal, whale, caribou, or seabirds.

One common way to swallow the meat hunted is frozen. Many hunters will eat the nutrient that they hunt on location where they found it. This keeps their blood flowing and their bodies warm. I custom of eating meat at the hunting site pertains to fish. In Overland to Starvation Cove: A History, Heinrich Klutschak explains the custom: "...no fish could exist eaten in a cooked country on the spot where caught but could but be enjoyed raw; but when one is a day'due south march away from the angling site is it permitted to melt the fish over the flame of a blubber lamp." ^[34]

Inuit eat but two principal meals a day, but information technology is common to eat many snacks every hour. ^[34] Customs amid Inuit when eating and preparing nutrient are very strict and may seem odd for people of different cultures. ^[34]

When eating a meal, Inuit place large slabs of meat, blubber, and other parts of the animal on a piece of metal, plastic, or cardboard on the floor. ^[three] From hither, anyone in the business firm is able to cut off a piece of meat. At these meals, no i is obliged to join in the meal; Inuit eat but when hungry. ^[3] Sometimes, though, meals are announced to the whole camp. A woman does this by the shout of "Ujuk!" which means "cooked meat". ^[34]

After a hunt, the eating habits differ from normal meals. ^[35] When a seal is brought dwelling, the hunters quickly gather effectually it to receive their pieces of meat showtime. This happens because the hunters are the coldest and hungriest amid the military camp and demand the warm seal blood and meat to warm them. ^[35] The seal is cut in a specific manner direct later a chase. Borré explains the cutting of the seal in this way: "one of the hunters slits the abdomen laterally, exposing the internal organs. Hunters first eat pieces of liver or they use a tea loving cup to get together some blood to beverage." ^[35] At this fourth dimension, hunters may also chop upwards pieces of fat and the brain to mix together and eat with meat. ^[35]

Women and children are accustomed to eating different parts of the seal because they wait until the hunters are washed eating. Intestines are the first thing to exist chosen and and so whatever leftover pieces of the liver are consumed. ^[35] Finally, ribs and the backbone are eaten and whatsoever remaining meat is distributed among the campsite. ^[35]

[ edit ]

Inuit are known for their practice of food sharing, a form of food distribution where 1 person catches the nutrient and shares with the entire community. Food sharing was start documented amidst the Inuit in 1910 when a little girl decided to take a platter around to four neighboring families who had no food of their ain. ^[36]

Sharing of frozen, aged walrus meat amid Inuit families

According to Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut, "food sharing was necessary for the concrete and social welfare of the entire group." ^[9] Younger couples would give food from their hunt to the elders, most often their parents, as a sign of respect. Food sharing was not only a tradition, simply also a way for families to make bonds with one another. In one case you shared food with someone, y'all were in a "lifelong partnership" with them. ^[ix]

Inuit often are relentless in making known that they are non similar Qallunaat in the sense that they practice non eat the aforementioned nutrient and they are communal with their food. Qallunaat believe that the person who purchases the food is the owner of the food and is free to decide what happens to the nutrient. Searles describes the Inuit perspective on food by proverb that "in the Inuit globe of appurtenances, foods as well as other objects associated with hunting, fishing, and gathering are more or less communal belongings, belonging not to individuals but to a larger group, which can include multiple households." Food in an Inuit household is not meant to be saved for the family who has hunted, fished, gathered, or purchased it, just instead for anyone who is in need of it. Searles and his wife were visiting a family unit in Iqaluit and he asked for permission to have a loving cup of orange juice. This small gesture of asking was taken as offensive because Inuit do not consider food belonging to one person. ^[3]

Perceived benefits and behavior of the diet [ edit ]

The Inuit believe that their diet has many benefits over the western Qallunaat nutrient. They are adamant virtually proving that their nutrition will make 1 stronger, warmer, and total of energy.

1 example is the drinking of seal claret. When interviewing an Inuit elder, Searles was told that "Inuit food generates a strong flow of claret, a status considered to exist healthy and indicative of a potent torso." ^[3] Later on the consumption of seal claret and meat, i could wait at their veins in the wrist for proof of the strength that Inuit food provides. ^[3] Borré states that "seal blood is seen equally fortifying human blood by replacing depleted nutrients and rejuvenating the blood supply, it is considered a necessary function of the Inuit diet." ^[35]

Inuit also believe that eating raw meat keeps them warmer and stronger. ^[37] They say that raw meat takes effect on i's body when eaten consistently. ^[37] One Inuk, Oleetoa, who ate a combination of "Qallunaat" and Inuit food, told of a story of his cousin Joanasee who ate a diet consisting of mostly raw Inuit nutrient. The ii compared their strengths, warmth, and energy and found that Joanasee benefited almost based on his nutrition. ^[three]

Inuit choose their diet based on four concepts, co-ordinate to Borré: "the relationship between animals and humans, the relationship between the trunk and soul and life and health, the relationship between seal claret and Inuit blood, and diet choice." Inuit are particularly spiritual when it comes to the customs of hunting, cooking, and eating. The Inuit belief is that the combination of animal and human blood in 1's bloodstream creates a healthy human body and soul. ^[35]

Hunting behavior [ edit ]

A particularly strong belief held by the Inuit is near the relationship between seal and Inuit. According to Inuit hunters and elders, hunters and seals have an agreement that allows the hunter to capture and feed from the seal if only for the hunger of the hunter'southward family unit. Borré explains that through this alliance "both hunter and seal are believed to benefit: the hunter is able to sustain the life of his people by having a reliable source of food, and the seal, through its sacrifice, agrees to become part of the body of the Inuit." ^[35]

Inuit are under the conventionalities that if they do non follow the alliances that their ancestors have laid out, the animals will disappear considering they have been offended and volition finish to reproduce. ^[35]

All saltwater animals, including seals, are considered to be always thirsty and are therefore offered a drinkable of fresh water as they die. This is shown as a sign of respect and gratitude toward the seal and its sacrifice. This offering is too done to please the spirit Sedna to ensure nutrient supply. ^[nine]

Healing beliefs [ edit ]

Borré tells of a time when she saw an Inuit woman fall ill who blamed her sickness on the lack of seal in her nutrition. Once receiving seal meat, the woman felt better inside hours and said that her quick recovery was due to the consumption of seal meat and claret. Borré experienced this many times among many different members of the group and they all attributed their sickness to the lack of Inuit food. ^[35]

See also [ edit ]

• List of diets
• No-carbohydrate diet

References [ edit ]

1. ^ Lougheed, T. (2010). "The Changing Landscape of Arctic Traditional Food". Environmental Wellness Perspectives. 118 (9): A386–A393. doi:ten.1289/ehp.118-a386. PMC 2944111 . PMID20810341.
2. ^ Nunavut Food Security Coalition
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Searles, Edmund. "Food and the Making of Modern Inuit Identities." Food & Foodways: History & Culture of Human Nourishment 10 (2002): 55–78.
4. ^ Kuhnlein, Harriet (1991) [1991]. "Chapter 4. Descriptions and Uses of Found Foods by Indigenous Peoples". Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany and Use (Food and Diet in History and Anthropology) (1st ed.). Taylor and Francis. pp. 26–29. ISBN 978-2-88124-465-0 . Retrieved 19 November 2007.
5. ^ Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. "Arctic Wild fauna". Archived from the original on 13 Baronial 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007. Not included are the myriad of other species of plants and animals that Inuit use, such as geese, ducks, rabbits, ptarmigan, swans, halibut, clams, mussels, cod, berries and seaweed.
6. ^ Bennett, John; Rowley, Susan (2004). "Chapter 5. Gathering". Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut . McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-7735-2340-1 . ...shorelines, Inuit gathered seaweed and shellfish. For some, these foods were a care for;...
7. ^ "kuanniq". Asuilaak Living Lexicon . Retrieved 16 Feb 2007.
8. ^ Bennett, John; Rowley, Susan (2004). "Chapter 5. Gathering". Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 78–85. ISBN 978-0-7735-2340-1 .
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j g l g} Bennett, John, and Susan Rowley, eds. Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut. Canada: McGill-Queen's Univ. Press, 2004.
10. ^ Condon, R.G. (1996). The Northern Copper Inuit: A History. Norman, Oklahoma: Univ of Oklahoma Press.
11. ^ Gadsby, Patricia (1 October 2004). "The Inuit Paradox". Discover Magazine. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
12. ^ ^{a b} Peter Heinbecker (1928). "Studies on the Metabolism of Eskimos" (PDF). J. Biol. Chem. 80 (2): 461–475. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83867-four . Retrieved 7 April 2014.
13. ^ ^{a b} Corcoran AC, Rabinowitch IM (1937). "A study of the blood lipids and claret protein in Canadian Eastern Arctic Eskimos". Biochem. J. 31 (3): 343–8. doi:ten.1042/bj0310343. PMC 1266943 . PMID16746345.
14. ^ ^{a b} Ho KJ, Mikkelson B, Lewis LA, Feldman SA, Taylor CB (1972). "Alaskan Arctic Eskimo: responses to a customary loftier fatty nutrition" (PDF). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 25 (8): 737–45. doi:10.1093/ajcn/25.viii.737. PMID5046723.
15. ^ ^{a b} Sinclair, H. M. (1953). "The Diet of Canadian Indians and Eskimos". Proceedings of the Diet Club. 12 (i): 69–82. doi: 10.1079/PNS19530016 . ISSN0029-6651. Information technology is, however, worth noting that according to the customary convention (Woodyatt, 1921 ; Shaffer, 1921) this nutrition is not ketogenic since the ratio of ketogenic(FA) to ketolytic (M) aliments is one.09. Indeed, the content of fat would take to be exactly doubled (324 chiliad daily) to make the nutrition ketogenic (FA/G>one-5).
16. ^ ^{a b c} Yiu H. Hui (February 1985). Principles and bug in diet . Wadsworth Wellness Sciences Sectionalisation. p.90-91. ISBN 9780534043742 . Retrieved 19 May 2014. Eskimos really consume more carbohydrates than almost nutritionists accept assumed. Considering Eskimos ofttimes eat their meat raw and frozen, they accept in more than glycogen than a person purchasing meat with a lower glycogen content in a grocery store. The Eskimo exercise of preserving a whole seal or bird carcass nether an intact whole skin with a thick layer of blubber also permits some proteins to ferment into carbohydrates.
17. ^ Rabinowitch, IM. (May 1936). "Clinical and Other Observations on Canadian Eskimos in the Eastern Chill". Can Med Assoc J. 34 (5): 487–501. PMC 1561651 . PMID20320248.
18. ^ Pfeiffer, Carl J. (1997). "Renal cellular and tissue specializations in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas)" (PDF). Aquatic Mammals. 23 (2): 75–84. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
19. ^ ^{a b c} Lockyer, Christina (1991). "Body limerick of the sperm whale, Physeter cation, with special reference to the possible functions of fatty depots" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Research Institute. 12 (2). ISSN0484-9019 . Retrieved 25 April 2014. Carbohydrate which has been straight assessed (not deduced by subtraction of other components from full weight of sample) is significant in amount, reaching levels in the range 8—thirty%...The meaning levels of carbohydrate, probably mostly in the form of glycogen, in both blubber and muscle, may represent an instant form of energy for diving via anaerobic glycolysis.
20. ^ Hochachka, P.; Storey, 1000. (1975). "Metabolic consequences of diving in animals and man". Scientific discipline. 187 (4177): 613–621. Bibcode:1975Sci...187..613H. doi:10.1126/scientific discipline.163485. ISSN0036-8075. PMID163485. In the concluding stages of prolonged diving, however, even these organs must tolerate anoxia for surprisingly long times, and they typically store unusually big amounts of glycogen for this purpose.
21. ^ R. A. Lawrie; David Ledward (23 Jan 2014). Lawrie'southward Meat Science . Elsevier Science. pp. 92–. ISBN 978-ane-84569-161-5 . A much delayed onset of rigor mortis has been observed in the muscle of the whale (Marsh, 1952b). The ATP level and the pH may remain at their high in vivo values for equally much as 24h at 37ºC. No adequate explanation of this phenomenon has withal been given; but the low basal metabolic charge per unit of whale muscle (Benedict, 1958), in combination with the loftier content of oxymyoglobin in vivo (cf iv.3.1), may permit aerobic metabolism to go on slowly for some time after the death of the animal, whereby ATP levels can exist maintained sufficiently to delay the union of actin and myosin in rigor mortis.
22. ^ Peter J. Bechtel; UNKNOWN. AUTHOR (2 Dec 2012). Muscle as Food . Elsevier Science. pp. 171–. ISBN 978-0-323-13953-3 . Retrieved nineteen May 2014. Freezing does cease the postmortem metabolism but only at about −18ºC and lower temperatures. Above −18ºC increasing temperatures of storage cause an increasing charge per unit of ATP breakdown and glycolysis that is higher in the comminuted meat than in the intact tissue (Fisher et al., 1980b). If the ATP concentration in the frozen tissue falls below ~ one µmol/g no contraction or rigor tin occur because they are prevented by the rigid matrix of ice.
23. ^ Lawrie 2014, p. 298.
24. ^ Krogh, August; Krogh, Marie (1915). "A Report of The Nutrition And Metabolism of Eskimos Undertaken In 1908 On An Trek To Greenland". Meddelelser om Grønland. 51 (ane). Retrieved 19 Dec 2015.
25. ^ Kang-Jey Ho; Belma Mikkelson; Lena A. Lewis; Sheldon A. Feldman; C. Bruce Taylor (1972). "Alaskan Arctic Eskimo: responses to a customary high fat nutrition" (PDF). Am J Clin Nutr. 25 (8): 737–745. doi:10.1093/ajcn/25.8.737. PMID5046723 . Retrieved seven March 2014.
26. ^ Gadsby, Patricia (1 October 2004). "The Inuit Paradox". Discover Mag. pp. 1–four. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
27. ^ Fodor, George J.; Helis, Eftyhia; Yazdekhasti, Narges; Vohnout, Branislav (2014). ""Fishing" for the origins of the "Eskimos and heart affliction" story. Facts or wishful thinking? A review". Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 30 (eight): 864–868. doi:ten.1016/j.cjca.2014.04.007. ISSN0828-282X. PMID25064579.
28. ^ Preston, Elizabeth (1 August 2014). "The Fishy Origins of the Fish Oil Craze". Slate. The Slate Group. Retrieved 5 August 2014. In the 1970s, a pair of Danish researchers ventured due north of the Chill Circle and into medical lore. Studying a scattered Inuit population, they concluded that eating plenty of fish and other marine animals protected this group from center disease. The researchers would eventually suggest that anybody else's hearts and arteries might also do good from the "Eskimo diet," promoting a wellness food trend that continues to this twenty-four hour period. The only trouble is, the two Danes never proved that the Inuit had low rates of heart disease. They never tested it at all. But today the market place for fish oil pills is booming, fifty-fifty as scientists comport trial after trial to hunt for a link to heart health that has never quite solidified.
29. ^ Bjerregaard, Peter; Young, T. Kue; Hegele, Robert A. (1 February 2003). "Low incidence of cardiovascular disease among the Inuit--what is the evidence?". Atherosclerosis. 166 (2): 351–357. doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00364-7. ISSN0021-9150. PMID12535749.
30. ^ Zimmer, Carl (17 September 2015). "Inuit Report Adds Twist to Omega-three Fat Acids' Wellness Story". New York Times . Retrieved eleven October 2015.
31. ^ O'Connor, Anahad (xxx March 2015). "Fish Oil Claims Not Supported past Research". New York Times . Retrieved eleven October 2015.
32. ^ Grey, Andrew; Bolland, Mark (March 2014). "Clinical Trial Prove and Use of Fish Oil Supplements". JAMA Internal Medicine . 174 (3): 460–462. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12765 . PMID24352849.
33. ^ Gadsby, Patricia (1 October 2004). "The Inuit Paradox". Discover Magazine. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
34. ^ ^{a b c d} Klutschak, Heinrich. Overland to Starvation Cove. Trans. and Ed. William Barr. Canada: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1987.
35. ^ ^{a b c d due east f g h i j k} Borré, Kristen. "Seal Claret, Inuit Blood, and Diet: A Biocultural Model of Physiology and Cultural Identity." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 5 (1991): 48–62.
36. ^ Damas, David (1972). "Fundamental Eskimo Systems of Food Sharing". Ethnology. 11 (3): 220–240. doi:10.2307/3773217. JSTOR3773217.
37. ^ ^{a b} Tigullaraq, Elijah (May 2008). "Why swallow raw meat?" (PDF). Nunavut Municipal Training Organization . Retrieved xix May 2014. A person may sweat as the food gets processed in the stomach even when it's extremely common cold outdoors after eating raw meat. A person may observe information technology difficult to sleep when he has eaten raw meat before bed-fourth dimension. Inuit effort not to swallow raw meat earlier bed-time, because you volition sweat a great bargain when the nutrient starts to go candy in the stomach. A hangover is nothing compared to "sweats" in the middle of the dark, all night, from eating raw meat. Inuit are known to have warm hands when yous shake hands with them. That'due south from eating raw meat or mammal meat from the sea.

External links [ edit ]

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When the Elder Eats Like an Animal

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_cuisine